Physics

Estimate excess air, net stack temperature, dry-flue-gas stack loss, and point-in-time combustion efficiency from dry-basis O2 readings.

Calculate steam turbine electric power, steam rate, required flow, or isentropic efficiency from inlet and exhaust conditions.

Estimate induction generator power or heating time, input kWh, and variable electricity cost per part from weight, temperatures, and process data.

Calculate milling or turning MRR, spindle power, cutting time, and itemized cycle cost per part from CNC cut and job inputs.

Compare quoted pipe insulation thicknesses by energy savings, annualized cost, heat loss, surface temperature, and simple payback.

Estimate industrial oven warm-up and operating kWh, completed batches, good output, and electricity cost per run, batch, and unit.

Calculate flow rate and totalized volume from a flow meter K-factor, Hz reading, or timed pulse count in US gallons, liters, or m3.

Calculate load-cell bridge output, gain, ADC code spacing, load per count, and worst-case headroom before ADC clipping.

Estimate hydraulic heat load, reservoir heat rejection, and preliminary oil-cooler duty in BTU/hr and kW.

Correct an uncorrected thermal-camera temperature for emissivity and reflected apparent temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius.