Sam Gorman

Estimate rectifier ripple voltage, capacitor size, or max load current with full-wave, half-wave, mA, uF, and DC checks.

Calculate ideal capacitor charge, capacitance, or voltage with SI units, plus stored electric energy in joules.

Pick a pull-down resistor using current, leakage, capacitance, settling time, and standard E-series values.

Choose an I2C pull-up resistor, check rise time and sink current, and include existing board pull-ups in parallel.

Add resistors in one unbranched series path to find equivalent resistance. Add supply voltage for current, voltage drops, and power.

Calculate NTC thermistor Beta from two points, or estimate temperature or resistance from a known Beta value.

Find equal crystal load capacitors or check effective load capacitance from C1, C2, and stray capacitance in pF.

Calculate single-ended PCB trace impedance or estimate microstrip and symmetric stripline width from stackup values.

Estimate PCB trace voltage drop, resistance, power loss, and supply-voltage budget from current, trace size, copper weight, and temperature.

Calculate PCB copper trace DC resistance from length, width, and copper weight or finished thickness. Add current for voltage drop and loss.