Biology

Convert A260 to DNA or RNA concentration, check purity ratios, and estimate nM or copies/uL from fragment length.

Find cell doubling time, fold-change, growth status, observed doublings, and growth rate from two cell counts and elapsed time.

Calculate starting cell suspension and diluent volumes for a target concentration and final volume, with an optional pipette-ready plan.

Calculate microbial generation time from two population readings and elapsed time. See doublings and a growth-phase reminder.

Estimate PCR annealing temperature from primer Tm values with quick and product-aware methods, gradient range, and mismatch warnings.